I I-Hold Visual flash indications identify held calls from other calls. I-Use LED indication that identifies the currently busy line. I/O See input/output. I/O Direct access devices to a computer. Input devices are keyboards or mice; output devices are monitors or printers. I/O channel See input/output channel. IAL International Algebraic Language. IBS International Business Service. ICA 1. Integrated Communications Adapter. 2. Intercomputer Adapter. 3. International Communication Association. ICAM Integrated Computer-Aided Manufacturing. ICC International control center. ICCP Institute for Certification of Computer Professionals; an organization of computing societies that sponsors activity for the testing and certification of knowledge and competence of computer professionals. ICE Integrated Computing Environments; developments by majorcomputer manufacturers that attempt to provide application environmentsthat tie their entire product lines together. ICF Interactive Communications Feature. ICMP One of the Internet protocols used for exchange maintenance and control information. See Internet control message protocol. ICR Intelligent Character Recognition. ICS Integrated Communications Subsystem. ID Identification. IDAPI Independent Database API. A programming interface that provides a common language for applications to access databases on a network. It includes support for non-SQL and non-relational databases. See ODAPI and ODBC. IDD See international direct dialing. IDE Integrated Drive Electronics. IDEN Interactive Data Entry Network (Xerox). IDF See intermediate distributing frame. IDN See integrated digital network. IDP Integrated Data Processing. IDPS/LF Interactive Direct Processing System/Large File (NCR). IDR International Digital Route. IDS 1.Information Display System (Hewlett-Packard). 2.Intelligent Display System (Xerox). IEC 1. Inter Exchange Carrier; also called an IXC. Any common carrier authorized by the FCC to carry customer transmissions between local access and transfer areas (LATA). 2. any carrier providing long distance calling service (e.g., AT&T, MCI, Sprint); IECs were once referred to as OCCs (Other Common Carriers), but that term did not include AT&T. 3. See International Electrotechnical Commission. IEEE See Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. IEEE 802.3 A network standard popularized by the Ethernet LAN that utilizes the CSMA/CD access method (OSI layer 1). IEEE 802.4 The numerical designation for the IEEE standardgoverning the use of the token-passing, bus-based, media-access method. IEEE 802.5 A LAN standard that uses a token passing ring accessmethod (OSI layer 1). IEEE 802.6/DQDB (Distributed Queue Dual Bus) The principal architecture for accessing metropolital area networks; meets IEEE criteria and conforms to the OSI reference model. The IEEE 802.6/DQDB specification works in conjunction with any synchronous transmission interface including DS3, CCITT G.703, and SONET (Synchronous Optical Network). IEF Instruction Execution Function. IETF Internet Engineering Task Force. IFA Integrated File Adapter. IFDL Independent Form Description Language. IFEP Integrated Front-End Processor. IFIPS International Federation of Information Processing Societies. IFRB See International Frequency Registration Board. IFRS See Inter-carrier Frame Relay Service. IFS Internal File Service. IGOSS Industry Government Open Systems Specification; a procurement document that comprises the four major OSI standard profiles: GOSIP, MAP, TOP, and UCA. IGP Internet Gateway Protocol. IGRP Interior Gateway Routing Protocol. IIE Integrated Information Environment (Unisys). IMA Interactive Multimedia Association. Industry association formed to create and maintain standards for multimedia systems. image The digitized representation of a picture, graphic, or document. image board An imaging-dedicated processor(s). Relieves the CPU from many imaging-specific tasks such as compression, decompression, display, zooming, shrinking, scale-to-gray. image data The resulting file, usually in a standard format, when an image is digitized. image lag The amount of signal left in a photoelement (such as a CCD) from the previous exposure. Also called ghosting. image processing 1. The analysis of a picture using techniques that can identify shades, colors, and relationships that cannot be perceived by the human eye. 2. The manipulation of raw data such as refining a picture in a paint program that has been scanned or entered from a video source. image processor Device that takes input data and changes it into the proper format for an imaging device - printer, display, microform, or computer. image resolution The fineness or coarseness of a digitized image, measured as dots-per-inch (DPI). imagesetter A high-resolution imaging device that uses either raster or vector techniques to create type and graphics. imaging The recording of human-readable images - pictures, images, motion, text, etc. - into machine-readable formats - microfilm, computer data, videotape, OCR output, ASCII code, etc. imaging server A server designed to access information from other servers, as well as scanners and optical libraries on the network. imaging system Collection of devices and software programs that work together to capture and recreate images. impact printer Any printing device that uses a striking mechanism to impress ink onto the paper. impedance A measurement of the resistance to an electrical current that a transmission medium offers (measured in ohms). IMPL 1. Initial microprogram load. 2. Implementation language. imprinting Printing additional data onto a sheet that has already been printed. IMS Information Management System (IBM). IMS/VS Information Management System/Virtual Storage (IBM); an IBM host operatingenvironment. IMT See InterMachine trunk. IMTS International message telephone service. IMV/VS See information management system/virtual storage. incoming call identification Feature that provides an attendant console with visual identification of the type of service or trunk group of incoming calls. incoming call indicator Device that provides an attendant console with visual or audible identification of the type of service or trunk group of the incoming calls. incoming CO call to tie line connection Ability to connect an incoming network exchange call to a remote PBX station through a tie line. incremental spacing The ability of a printer to move characters in very small amounts either horizontally or vertically, generally for aesthetic or graphic design purposes. IND$FILE IBM's file transfer protocol. index color Assigning a smaller number of colors, chosen from a palette, to display a color image. index of cooperation The length of a particular fax machine's scan line. Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) or PC AT Arch IBM peripheral-expansion architecture (bus) developed for PC, XT, and AT computers. information bit A bit generated by the data source representing user data to be delivered to the data sink. Compare with overhead bit. information feedback See message, feedback. information management system/virtual storage (IMV A database management software system that provides communications monitor functions and virtual storage. information systems network The network of all the communication approaches used within an organization. Information Warehouse Collection of all databases in an enterprise across all platforms and departments. infrared That part of the electromagnetic spectrum employed for fiber-optical transmission and for short-haul through-the-air data transmission. infrared radiation The wavelengths between 0.75 and 1000 microns. infrared touchscreen The shooting of infrared light beams vertically and horizontally above the screen's surface. inital program load (IPL) The initial loading of generic and/or configuration software into a PBX or other telephone system. initiator A client (user or application) requesting file access, transfer, or management via FTAM. ink jet Type of printer that sprays ink onto paper through tiny nozzles to create letters or graphics. INMARSAT International Maritime Satellite Organization. INMS Integrated Network Management Systems. INP 1. Integrated Network Processor. 2. Intelligent Network Processor (Hewlett-Packard). input workstation The microcomputer or terminal at which paper or microform documents are scanned and computer files are entered. input/output (I/O) Procedure for transmitting data to and from a processor and its peripherals. input/output (I/O) channel A device that allows independent communications between the memory exchange and the I/O exchange; controls any peripheral device and performs all validity checking on information transfers. insert edit Video editing in which audio, video, or both are inserted into material that is already recorded. Insert editing requires that both the source and record tapes contain a continuous control track. Insert edits do not record over the record tape's control track. installed phone A car telephone or cellular telephone mounted in a fixed location. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers An international professional society that issues its own standards and is a member of ANSI and ISO. Especially active in setting LAN standards. instructional television fixed service Television channels that must have a minimum of five hours per week of educational programming. intaglio printing A form of printing where the plates are indented to hold ink and then pressed against the paper. integral bridging A technique developed for organizations that must combine different LAN media and topologies. Integral bridging requires installing additional network interface cards in the server. integrated adapter Part of a processing unit that furnishes the direct link of a specific type of device and uses neither a control unit nor the standard I/O interface. integrated circuit A separate electronic device that contains hundreds or thousands of previously distinct components. integrated digital network (IDN) Switched network providing voice or voice-simulated services through digital transmission and time-division technology. integrated document and image management The coordinated management, use, and presentation of documentation by an organization. integrated services digital network (ISDN) An integrated digital network in which the same time division switches and digital transmission paths are used to establish connection for different services (e.g., telephony, data, telex, facsimile. ISDN will eventualy be able to use a single communications channel for all forms of information transfer regardless of the source. integrated voice/data terminal (IVDT) IVDT configurations range from computer terminals with telephones; telephones with built-in display screens and the ability to interface with computers; and, in some instances, systems consisting of a cluster controller and multiple handset/screen keyboard stations, each cable-connected to the controller. Some IVDTs are PBX-proprietary devices, while other are independent standalone devices. IVDTs generally consist of a DTMF telephone handset or speakerphone, an integral or a detachable CRT; a QWERTY keyboard; and a powerful microprocessor. Options may include printer; an LCD or plasma display; a numeric keypad; a modem, usually of low speed; mass storage, usually in the form of a Winchester disk subsystem; communications software; data base or mainframe access; and TTY interface capabilities. Voice and data signals can be transmitted over two separate lines; multiplexed over a single line; or simultaneously transmitted over one line. Applications include voice communications, data processing, and various types of communications relating to payroll and financial planning, sales forecasting, inventory management, document handling, and image and graphic information transfer. Intel 80286 Intel's enhanced 16-bit microprocessor chip that is available in a 12MHz or a 16MHz clock rate version; used in IBM PC AT and compatible microcomputers. Intel 80386 Intel's 32-bit microprocessor chip that is available in 16MHz, 20MHz, 25MHz, and 33MHz clock rate versions; used in IBM PC AT, EISA, and Micro Channel-compatible PCs. Intel 80386SX Intel's mid-range microprocessor chip that utilizes a 32-bit internal architecture and 16-bit data path and is available in 16MHz and 20MHz clock rate version; used in IBM PC AT, EISA, and Micro Channel-compatible PCs. Intel 8086 Intel's low-end microprocessor chip that utilizes a16-bit internal architecture and 16-bit data path; used in IBM PC XT andcompatible microcomputers. Intel 8088 Intel's entry-level microprocessor chip that utilizes 16-bit internal architecture and 8-bit data path; used in IBM PC and compatible microcomputers. Intel i486 Intel's high-end 32-bit microprocessor chip that incorporates an integrated RAM cache and numeric processor and is available in 25MHz and 33MHz clock rate versions; used in IBM PC AT, EISA, and Micro Channel-compatible PCs. intelligent gateways Devices that exchange information to determine the optimal means of routing network traffic. Intelligent gateways consider such factors as congestion, priority, performance, throughput, delay, error rate, security, and cost. intelligent switch A switch interface with a front-end processor and/or a concentrator that routes messages to the various network end points. intelligent terminal A terminal with some processing capabilities. intelligent workstation A terminal (DTE) that can be programmed (also referred to as an intelligent terminal). Any terminal that can provide the user with independent processing power and applications support. Intelsat See International Telecommunications Satellite Organization. Inter-carrier Frame Relay Service The frame relay services provided across multiple, public frame relay networks. interactive Ability to interact or be in conversational mode with a computer. interactive multimedia The ability to use telephones, personal computers or televisions for two-way communications between machines and people. interactive voice response The ability to interact or be in conversational mode with a computer. Interactive voice response uses remote touchtone telephones, and uses a digitized synthesized voice to read the screen to the distant caller. intercept treatment Calls that cannot be completed are routed to either a recording, an audible signal, or the attendant. intercom An internal communications system allowing a user to dial another phone in-house, but not outside of the system. interconnect 1. The act of connecting customer-provided terminal equipment or the facilities of other common carriers (OCCs) to the facilities of an established common carrier (ECC). 2. Refers to the entire industry of non-telco manufacturers and distributors that supply telephone equipment directly to customers. interexchange channel (IXT) Communications path between two or more telephone exchanges. interface The point at which two systems or two parts of one system interconnect. An interface includes the types and functions of the interfacing circuits, such as impedance and signal levels and forms, and the nature and coding of the information exchanged. interface, CCITT The international recommendation for interface requirements between data processing terminal equipment and data communications equipment; closely resembles the American EIA Standard. interface, EIA standard RS-232-C Standard adopted by the Electronic Industries Association specifying various electrical and mechanical characteristics for interfaces between data terminal equipment and data communications equipment. interface, ITU-TSS The international recommendation for interface requirements between data processing terminal equipment and data communications equipment; interference Any unwanted noise or crosstalk on a communications circuit that reduces the intelligibility of the desired signal or speech. interference Any unwanted noise or crosstalk on a communications circuit that reduces the intelligibility of the desired signal or speech. interflow Ability to initiate a link to a second ACD (automatic call distributor) and overflow a call from one ACD to the other. interframe coding A video compression technique that tracks the differences between frames of video. interLATA Communications between different Local Access and Transport Areas. interleave To send blocks of data alternately to two or more stations on a multipoint circuit. interMachine trunk (IMT) A circuit that connects two automatic switching centers, both owned by the same company. intermediate distribution frame (IDF) Provides connections between the main distribution frame (MDF) and specific phone wiring. intermediate station number display Calling and called stations receive a visual display of information about the intermediate station involved in call processing. internal modem An adapter equipped with data transfer capabilities and housed in a PC expansion slot. See also external modem and rackmount modem. international direct dialing System that enables subscribers to place international calls without operator assistance. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) The electrical standardizing division of ISO. International Frequency Registration Board (IFRB) Organization whose major task is to assign radio frequencies to stations and to determine that radio frequencies assigned by various countries to their radio stations do not cause harmful interference to other stations. international number The number dialed following the international prefix. international record carrier (IRC) Companies that handle the intra-U.S. portion of international record transmission. International Standards Organization (ISO) An international and voluntary standards organization, closely aligned with ITU-TSS. Membership includes standards organizations from participating nations (ANSI is the USA representative). international subscriber dialing (ISD) See international direct dialing. international switching center (ISC) An exchange that switches telephone traffic between different countries. International Telecommunication Union (ITU) A telecommunications agency established to provide standardized communications procedures and practices worldwide. International Telecommunications Satellite Organization A consortium made up of various national satellite communications organizations. International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunication standardization sector (ITU-TSS) Formerly the called the CCITT standards committee, ITU-TSS is an agency of the International Telecommunications Union whose purpose is to promote compatibility between the communications practices and performance standards of various nations. Internet A nationwide association of interconnected networks, mostly at U.S. colleges and universities. The Internet is governed by the Internet Activities Board. The word internet is any network of LANs connected via bridges, routers, and gateways. Internet control message protocol A subprotocol of IP at the network layer, that allows IP to exchange control information with other IP machines. internet packet exchange (IPX) Novell NetWare packet-forwarding protocol similar to the Internet Protocol. internet protocol (IP) The protocol that governs packet forwarding within the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). Used in gateways to link networks at OSI network Level 3 and above. Internet Relay Chat (IRC) An Internet service that lets users exchange typed messages in realtime. Internetwork A network that incorporates multiple sub-networks. InterNIC Internet Network Information Center, a repository of information about the Internet. interoffice trunk A trunk circuit linking two local COs. interoperability The ability to operate and exchange information in a heterogeneous network. interpolation A software method for improving the resolution of a scanner. Interprocess communications (IPC) A communications protocol that specifies how data is exchanged between applications or threads. interrupt A break in control in a program or system; typically incorporates a mechanism to store the information needed for a return to the interrupted program. Interrupt request (IRQ) signal A method by which I/O peripherals request attention from a PC's CPU. intraflow Automatic call distribution (ACD) term that refers to the ability to select a fallback group of attendants to backup the primary attendant group. intraframe coding Video compression technique that compresses within each frame, but not between adjacent frames (called interframe coding). intraLAN traffic learning A smart or learning bridge accomplishes intraLAN traffic learning by identifying each device on a particular LAN; however, some bridges accomplish this within several seconds, even for LANs with several hundred terminals. intraLATA Services that begin in and terminate at the same Local Access and Transport Area. intraoffice trunk Telephone path between two pieces of equipment within the same central office. INTUG International Telecommunications Users Group. inverse multiplexer Provides bandwidth-on-demand for video- conferencing, file transfers and high speed applications. Inverse multiplexers use a multiple switched 56K bps or 64K bps connections to achieve whatever bandwidth the users application requires. inverse video Displaying characters on a screen in the opposite color, or in contrasting colors, to bring emphasis or to mark a section or text for special treatment. inward restriction Selection station lines are prevented from receiving incoming exchange network and CCSA calls; the lines are usually given intercept treatment. IOC Inter-office channels. IOCA Image Object Content Architecture. IOD Identified outward dialing. ion deposition A printing technology, similar to laser printing. Charges a drum with electrons which attract the toner. Paper is then pressed against the drum, picking up the toner. IOT Imaging Output Terminal. IP See internet protocol. IP address The unique numeric address assigned to a computer on the Internet. IPA 1. Information Processing Architecture. 2. Integrated Printer Adapter. IPC See interprocess communications. IPL See inital program load. IPM 1. Interpersonal Messaging. 2. Impulses Per Minute. 3. Interruptions Per Minute. Ipm Impressions per minute, a printing press speed measurement. ips Inches per second. ips Inches Per Second. IPS Internet Protocol Suite, the complete internet protocol family, including ICMP, SLIP, UDP, and higher-layer protocols. IPU Instruction Processing Unit. IPX See internet packet exchange. IQL Interactive Query Language (Digital Equipment). IRAM Indexed Random Access Method (Unisys). IRC See international record carrier. IRQ See interrupt request signal. IRX Interactive Resource Executive (NCR operating system). IS-IS Interior system-to-interior system, router-control protocol adopted for use with Open Systems Interconnect protocols. ISA See Industry Standard Architecture. ISAM Indexed Sequential Access Method (IBM). ISC See international switching center. ISD See international subscriber dialing and international direct dialing. ISDN See integrated services digital network. ISI 1. Intelligent Standard Interface. 2. Internally Specified Index. ISN Information Systems Network (AT&T). ISO 1.See International Standards Organization. 2. Individual System Operation. ISO 9000 A standard made up of five documents (ISO 9000-9004) that defines quality systems of varying scope. isochronous A hybrid synchronous transmission timing scheme in which the modem (DCE) clock depends on the terminal (DTE) clock. ISODE ISO Development Environment; contains libraries and toolsfor writing OSI applications over TCP/IP transport. isomorphic Scaling in both the vertical and horizontal dimensions. ISP Internet service provider, a commercial reseller of Internet connectivity. ISPABX Integrated services PABX, compatible with ISDN standards. ISV Independent Software Vendors. Italic Right-slanted style of any typeface. ITEF Internet Engineering Task Force; oversees the development ofproposed Internet standards. ITFS See instructional television fixed service. ITU See International Telecommunications Union. ITU-T International Consultative Committee for Telephone and Telegraph (formerly CCITT). IVDT See integrated voice/data terminal. IVR See interactive voice response. IXC (Interexchange carrier) See IEC. IXSD International telex subscriber dialing. IXT See interexchange channel. A jack -- a connecting device having springs that makes electrical contact with mating contacts of a plug. Some technicians distinguish between the socket side and the plug side, calling the socket side the jack.