O O 1. Operand. 2. Output. O/E Optic to Electric conversion. OA Office Automation (ie., data abstraction, encapsulation, type hierarchies, and message passing) with the traditional data base concepts of storage management, sharing, reliability, consistency, and associative retrieval. The data and behavior for each object, and the interactions between objects. This enables better software maintainability, extensibility, and reusability. object A self-contained module of data and its associated processing. object code Machine language. object manipulation To maintain each successive addition to a montage as a separate layer, forever. Takes advantage of 32-bit color depth, by assigning the first 24 bits to represent the color channels and the last eight bits to represnt levels of opacity. object program A fully assembled program in binary form that is ready to be used by a computer. object-oriented analysis The examination of a problem by modeling it as a group of interacting objects. object-oriented database A database that holds abstract data types (objects) and is managed by an object-oriented DBMS. See object-oriented DBMS. object-oriented DBMS A DBMS that manages objects (abstract data types). object-oriented design Transforming an object-oriented model into the specifications required to create the system. Moving from object-oriented analysis to object-oriented design is accomplished by expanding the model into more and more detail. object-oriented graphics Vector graphics. object-oriented interface A graphical interface that uses icons and a mouse. object-oriented programming The programming technology that suports the creation and processing of objects. object-oriented technology A variety of disciplines that support object-oriented programming, including object-oriented design. objects Software routines designed according to a set of rules that allows them to function as independent building blocks that interact with each other. oblique Characters which are slanted to stimulate italics, but are not actually a font of italic characters. OC (optical carrier) A SONET optical signal. OC-1 (optical carrier-Level 1) The optical counterpart of STS-1. Direct electrical-to-optical mapping of the STS-1 signal with frame synchronous scrambling. OCC See other common carrier. OCCA Open Cooperative Computing Architecture. OCL Operator Control Language. OCR 1. Optical Character Recognition. 2. Optical Character Reader. octal A number system with a radix of 8. octet A byte comprised of eight binary components. ODA Office Document Architecture. ODA See open document architecture. ODA/ODIF Office Document Architecture/Office Document Interchange Format; an international standard that defines an application-independent way of storing compound documents. ODAPI Open Data API. A programming interface from Borland that provides a common language for applications to access databases on a network. It supports SQL. ODBC Open DataBase Connectivity. A programming interface from Microsoft that provides a common language for Windows applications to access databases on a network. It supports SQL and is part of WOSA. See ODAPI and IDAPI. ODBMS See object-oriented DBMS. ODD See operator distance dialing. odd parity One of many methods for detecting errors in transmitted data. See parity check. ODI Open data-link interface supports SPX/IPX and TCP/IP transport protocols operating with existing Token-Ring, Ethernet, and ARCnet adapters. OECD Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development. OEM See original equipment manufacturer. off-hook 1. In telephone operations, the condition existing when the receiver or handset is removed from its switch. 2. One of the two possible signaling states such as tone or no tone, ground connection or battery connection. 3. The active state (closed loop) of a subscriber or PBX user's loop. off-hook signaling 1. With regard to line-signaling, the condition indicating that a station is being used (line-loop closed). 2. With regard to trunk-signaling, off-hook signaling in the forward direction exists after seizure of the trunk by the switching equipment. Off-hook signaling in the backward direction exists after receiving an indication that the distant equipment is ready to receive address signals. off-line Operation of peripheral equipment is not under the control of the central processing unit (CPU). off-line storage Archival storage not directly accessible to a computer. See DASD, on-line, and near-line storage. off-premise extension (OPX) See extension, off-premise. off-premise station A PBX station located on property not contiguous with that on which the PBX is located. off-the-shelf Refers to items that are immediately accessible from stock, and need not be newly purchased or manufactured. office classification Functional ranking of telephone central office switches. See also class of service. office documentation architecture (ODA) The standard format for compound documents that contain text, graphics, and images. OfficeVision IBM's family of integrated software offerings for the office automation market. offset printing A form of lithography that uses a rubber blanket to accept ink from a plate, and press it onto paper. OFS Private Operational-Fixed Microwave Service, three channels that may be used for a wireless cable system. OHD Optical Hard Drive. OLE Object Linking and Embedding; a compound document protocol for Microsoft Windows that allows one document to be embedded within or linked to another. OLTEP On-Line Test Executive Program. OLTP On-Line Transaction Processing; shared data bases. OMG Object Management Group. OMNIBUS Universal bus (Digital Equipment). omnifont The ability of an OCR to recognize any typeface font without having to learn (make a template in advance) that typeface. Omnifont character recognition is another word for feature extraction. See OCR. OMR Optical Mark Recognition. on-demand printing Creating printed material as needed. on-hook 1. In telephone operation, the conditions existing when the receiver or handset is resting on the switch. 2. One of two possible signaling states such as tone or no tone, ground connection or battery connection. 3. The idle state (open loop) of a subscriber or PBX line loop. on-hook dialing The receiver can remain on hook while the user dials a number and monitors the call progress over the set's speaker until the call is connected. on-hook signaling 1. With regard to line signaling, the condition indicating that a station is idle (line loop open). 2. With regard to trunk signaling, on-hook signaling in the forward direction exists when the trunk is not being used. On-hook signaling in the backward direction exists while awaiting an answer signal or indicating a disconnect signal from the called end. on-line Condition resulting when a device is actively and permanently connected to a computer so that no delay is experienced whenaccessing data. on-line processing Operation of equipment under direct management of the central processor, eliminating the need for human intervention. on-line storage Randomly accessible storage (usually magnetic) with the fastest access times. Includes: hard disks, network disk subsystems, removable hard disk drives and RAID (redundant array of inexpensive disks) systems. ONC Open Network Computing; distributed computing network environment (Sun Microsystems). ONE Open Networking Environment; the networking foundation of the OCC strategy so that no delay is experienced when accessing data. Interactive system in which input data enters the computer directly from point of origin, and/or output data is transmitted directly to where it is used. eliminating the need for human intervention. one-dimensional coding The data compression technique, used in Group III fax machines, that treats each horizontal scan line individually, without reference to the previous scan line. one-way splitting PBX feature that allows an attendant to talk to an inside extension without being heard by the outside caller. one-way trunk A trunk between switching offices where traffic originates from only one end. ONI See operator number identification. online Condition resulting when a device is actively and permanently connected to a computer or PBX so that no delay is experienced when accessing data. online help On-screen instructions. online industry The collection of service organizations that provide dial-up access to databases, shopping, news, weather, sports, e-mail, etc. online processing Operation of equipment under direct management of the central processor, eliminating the need for human intervention. online services Online information service organizations that include information on many topics, as well as provide e-mail and gateways to the Internet. ONP Open Network Provision. OOP Object-oriented programming. opacity The degree of translucency of a pixel. open application interface (OAI) InteCom's Request and Status Links (RSL a generic term coined by Greg Borton). A window in the computer that runs the PBX. open architecture A network structure in which network hardware and software are based on industry standards, thus allowing for multivendor compatibility. open document architecture (ODA) An international standard designed to exchange electronic documents between systems or workstations concerned with editing, printing, storage or other processes. open shortest path first (OSPF) Permits routers to exchange network configuration data in TCP/IP networks. open system Allows interoperability among the equipment of different vendors. Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) layer 1 The first layer of OSI, known as the physical layer; represents the actual hardware interface, electrical or mechanical, that connects a device to a transmission medium. Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) layer 2 The second layer of OSI, known as the data link layer; organizes data into frames and sequences for transfer across the physical layer. Layer 2 primarily detects and corrects message errors being transmitted across any physical link, and allows the nodes on either end of a connection to signal one another when initiating a communications session. See also MAC (MediaAccess Control) sublayer and LLC (Logical Link Control) sublayer. Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) layer 3 The third layer of OSI, called the network layer; routes data from one element to another until it reaches its final destination. Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) layer 4 The fourth layer of OSI called the transport layer; recovers data that may have been lost due tonode failure on the lower network layers, and maps transport and network addresses. Layer 4 also establishes and manages reliable network connections between end nodes, and controls packet flow, size, and sequence restrictions that prevent excessive amounts of data fromentering the network. Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) layer 5 The fifth layer of OSI called the session layer; is basically a dialogue between two users or devices during which data is exchanged in a conversational manner. Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) layer 6 The sixth layer of OSI called the presentation layer; defines the way in which information is presented so that the communicating devices interpret it properly. This layer controls the format of screens and files, and defines syntax, control codes, special graphics, and character sets. Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) layer 7 The seventh layer of OSI, known as the application layer; applies to the actual meaning rather than the format or syntax of applications, and permits communication between users. Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model A seven-layer hierarchical reference structure developed by the ISO for defining, specifying, and relating communications protocols and for standardizing communication between systems manufactured by different vendors. See also MAC sublayer, LLC sublayer, and International Standards Organization. OpenDoc A compound document architecture that allows multiple data structures to be stored in a single document. operating system The software that allocates resources and schedules tasks in a computer. operating time Time required for initiating a call and waiting for the connection to be made. operator Individual that operates an attendant console, switchboard or other similar equipment. See also attendant. operator distance dialing (ODD) When an operator dials directly to a distant subscriber without assistance from an intermediate circuit operator. operator number identification (ONI) Feature that allows an operator to check a long distance number directly dialed by a subscriber for the purpose of CAMA itemized billing. operator-assisted calls Non-DDD calls requiring manual intervention. OPI Open Prepress Interface; a proposed standard for linking desktop publishing (DTP) systems to color prepress systems. OPS See off-premise station. optical character recognition Identification of printed characters by using a light sensitive machine to visually scan characters and convert them into standard form. optical disk A direct access storage device that is written and read by laser light. Optical disks are generally slower than magnetic disks, but their storage capacities are greater per square inch. optical disk storage and retrieval The combination of an optical drive or jukebox and software to manage the search and retrieval. optical fiber Thin glass fiber that transmits communications signals by employing laser technology. optical scanner Same as scanner. Input device that translates human-readable or microform images to bitmapped, or rastered, machine-readable data. optical storage The means of storing or archiving data on optical disks such as optical WORM, CDs, or laser disks. Considered near-line storage, since it's not as fast as direct access on-line storage, but not as slow as off-line storage. optical time delay reflectometer (OTDR) A test and measurement device used to check the accuracy of fusion splices and the location of fiber optic breakers. OPX See off-premise extension. OR Originating register (crossbar switching). ORB Object Request Broker. orbit, subsynchronous satellite A satellite orbit that is at lower altitude than the 35,880 kilometers required for a synchronous equatorial orbit. orbit, synchronous satellite The path followed by a communications satellite that is at such a distance above the earth (about 35,880 km) that the satellite keeps pace with the earth's rotation and thus hovers above a particular point on the earth. orientation The direction print across a page. original equipment manufacturer (OEM) Manufactured equipment that is marketed by a different vendor. originate only An extension that is authorized to place calls but cannot receive directly dialed calls except through forwarding. originating restriction An extension that is restricted from placing outgoing calls, but which can accept incoming calls OS See Operating System. OS/2 Operating system/2; single user, multitasking operating system for PCs from IBM. OS/MFT Operating System/Multiprogramming Fixed-Task (IBM). OS/MVT Operating System/Multiprogramming Variable-Task (IBM). OS/VS Operating System/Virtual Storage (IBM). OSA Open Systems Architecture. OSAK Open Systems Applications Kernel (Digital Equipment). OSF Open Software Foundation; an organization committed to developing a software environment that is open, portable between systems without needing modification, and meets the needs of users worldwide. OSI See open systems interconnection. OSI/NMF Open Systems Interconnect Network Management Forum; an international group of computer and communication product manufacturers dedicated to speeding up the implementation of the OSI model for computer communications. OSIFS OSI File Services/400; enables users to exchange files within a multivendor computing environment. OSIMS/400 OSI Message Services/400; enables users to exchange messages within a multivendor computing environment. OSINET An association of computer and communications systems vendors that fosters OSI product development through promotion, interoperability testing, and the establishment of a network for research and development. OSME Open Systems Message Exchange (IBM). OSPF See open shortest path first. OTDR See optical time delay reflectometer. other common carrier (OCC) A common carrier (when not in the business of furnishing public-switched telephone service) furnishing domestic private-line voice or data services over terrestrial facilities. A domestic public record carrier or a domestic satellite carrier. OTN Optical transition node. out-of-band Any frequency outside the band used for voice frequencies. out-of-band signaling Use of narrowband filters to place the voice signal on a carrier channel below 3,400 cps, reserving the 3400-3700 cps band for supervisory signals. out-of-paper reception The ability to receive a facsimile transmission into memory when the facsimile machine is out of paper. outgoing calls barred See outgoing station restriction. outgoing station restriction Station users are denied access to the exchange network or outside lines, with or without assistance from the attendant. outgoing trunk Trunk that transmits only outgoing signals. outgoing trunk callback See callback queuing. outline font A printer font that is described mathematically, rather than as a bitmap of dots. output device Any peripheral that presents output from the computer, such as a screen or printer. output hopper Place at the end of a printer where the finished documents collect. Also called a stacker. outsourcing Contracting with outside consultants, software houses, or service bureaus to perform systems analysis, programming, and datacenter operations. outward restriction Telephone lines within the PBX are denied the ability to access the exchange network without the assistance of the attendant. overcoat A transparent protective layer for optical recording media intended to protect the recorded surface from dust and scratches. overflow A PBX feature that allows calls to be automatically routed over a higher-cost facility if the standard facility is being used to capacity. Provision is often made for restrictions on this feature. overhead 1. The amount of processing time used by system software. 2. A scanner design in which the original document lies flat, face up, and an optical device such as a video camera points down at it. overhead bit Any bit other than an information bit; overhead bits are used for framing, parity checking, and control. Compare with information bit. overlay network management A device-independent method of network management that relies on probes, patches, and breakout boxes interspersed between components. overloads These occur when all incoming communications lines are transmitting data to a computer at one time. override See executive override. overscan Outside of the normal rectangular viewing area on a display screen.